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Nestled on the eastern coast of the Sai Kung Peninsula, lies a collection of breathtakingly beautiful and relatively untouched beaches known collectively as Tai Long Wan. Often referred to as “Big Wave Bay” in Chinese, this stunning location should not be confused with the similarly named beach near Shek O on Hong Kong Island. Tai Long Wan stands as a testament to Hong Kong’s natural splendor, offering a serene escape from the bustling city life. Its pristine shores and rugged landscapes beckon nature lovers, avid hikers, adventurous surfers, and those seeking a tranquil camping experience under the stars.  

What Makes Tai Long Wan So Special?

Tai Long Wan’s unique charm stems from a combination of its stunning natural features, relative isolation, and rich history.

Location and Geography

This picturesque bay stretches across three kilometers of the eastern Sai Kung Peninsula, within the Sai Kung District. It encompasses four distinct and equally captivating beaches: Sai Wan, Ham Tin Wan, Tai Wan, and Tung Wan. Geologically, Tai Long Wan holds significant importance as it resides within the Hong Kong Global Geopark, specifically the High Island volcanic rock region. The coastline is characterized by striking columnar-jointed volcanic rocks, formed by the cooling and contraction of hot ash from volcanic eruptions during the Cretaceous Period. To the north, the imposing Sharp Peak stands guard, creating the iconic “one peak and four bays” landmark that defines the area’s scenic beauty. Recognizing its ecological significance, Tai Long Wan was declared a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1979. This designation underscores the area’s importance for conservation and its unique natural heritage. The phrase “one peak and four bays” serves as a memorable descriptor, easily capturing the essence of Tai Long Wan’s landscape for those searching for information about this remarkable place. Furthermore, its inclusion within the Geopark highlights its value to travelers interested in the Earth’s geological history.  

A Notable Destination

Tai Long Wan has consistently been recognized as one of the most beautiful locations in Hong Kong, often ranking highly in surveys of scenic sites. Its allure lies in its relatively untouched state, largely preserved due to the absence of direct road access. This inaccessibility contributes to its tranquil atmosphere, offering a true sense of escape. Beyond its natural beauty, Tai Long Wan also holds historical significance. Villages like Tai Long Tsuen boast a history spanning over 250 years, providing a glimpse into the region’s past. Archaeological discoveries at Ham Tin suggest human presence dating back even further to the Neolithic and Bronze Ages. The fact that Tai Long Wan remains relatively undeveloped despite its proximity to a major metropolitan area is a significant draw for visitors. The effort required to reach its shores is often seen as a worthwhile trade-off for the pristine environment and sense of seclusion. The historical context of the area, with its long-established villages and ancient artifacts, adds another dimension to its appeal, attracting those interested in the cultural heritage alongside the natural wonders.  

A Beach for Every Mood: Exploring Tai Long Wan’s Stunning Bays

Tai Long Wan is home to four distinct beaches, each offering its own unique character and appeal.

Sai Wan (West Bay)

Also known as Tai Long Sai Wan, this is often the first beach encountered when arriving from Sai Wan Pavilion. Sai Wan boasts a small village with several restaurants, including Hoi Shan Restaurant, Oriental Restaurant and Bar, and Waves Cafe, providing welcome refreshment for hikers and beachgoers. A surf and tent rental shop caters to those looking to ride the waves or camp overnight. The waves at Sai Wan are generally smaller, making it a good spot for beginner surfers, and surf lessons are available. Nearby, visitors can find a designated stargazing site, perfect for enjoying the clear night skies away from the city’s light pollution. A short walk from the beach leads to Sheung Luk Stream, a hidden gem featuring natural rock pools and cascading waterfalls, offering opportunities for a refreshing dip. However, it is crucial to be aware that Sai Wan is not a gazetted public beach and experiences strong rip currents year-round. There are no lifeguards or shark nets, and numerous drowning incidents have occurred, emphasizing the need for extreme caution when considering swimming. The presence of beginner-friendly surf conditions and facilities like restaurants and rentals makes Sai Wan a popular entry point to Tai Long Wan. The proximity of attractions like the stargazing site and Sheung Luk Stream further enhances its appeal. Nevertheless, the significant risk posed by the strong rip currents cannot be overstated, and visitors must exercise extreme caution and be aware of the potential dangers.  

Ham Tin Wan (Salty Field Bay)

A short and scenic walk from Sai Wan connects to Ham Tin Wan, easily recognizable by its iconic, somewhat rickety bridge that crosses a small river. This beach offers more facilities, including restaurants like Hoi Fung Store and On Kee Store, along with basic toilet facilities. Experienced surfers can rent boards here, and camping enthusiasts will find tent, mat, and sleeping bag rentals available. Due to its amenities and longer stretch of sand, Ham Tin Wan is a popular choice for camping and general beach activities. The beach also boasts panoramic views of the majestic Sharp Peak, adding to its visual appeal. Similar to Sai Wan, Ham Tin Wan is also subject to strong rip currents, and there are no lifeguards or shark nets provided. Therefore, caution is strongly advised for anyone considering swimming in these waters. Ham Tin Wan’s role as a hub with more extensive facilities makes it a convenient base for exploring the wider Tai Long Wan area. The availability of camping gear rentals further solidifies its popularity for overnight stays. However, the persistent danger of rip currents necessitates a cautious approach to any water activities.  

Tai Wan (Big Bay)

Continuing beyond Ham Tin Wan, a further walk leads to the more secluded shores of Tai Wan. This beach is known for its tranquility and is typically less crowded than Sai Wan or Ham Tin Wan. Many consider Tai Wan to be the best beach for swimming within Tai Long Wan due to the reduced speedboat traffic in its waters. It also offers arguably the most picturesque views of the surrounding landscape. However, it’s important to note that Tai Wan lacks any man-made facilities, including restaurants and toilets. Despite being considered better for swimming than the other two, Tai Wan is still part of the Tai Long Wan bay and thus visitors should remain aware of potential currents. As with all the beaches here, there are no lifeguards or shark nets. The greater sense of seclusion and the perception of safer swimming conditions make Tai Wan an attractive option for those willing to undertake the extra walk and come prepared with their own supplies. While less speedboat activity might reduce one hazard, the inherent risks associated with swimming in the bay without lifeguard supervision should still be acknowledged.  

Tung Wan (East Bay)

The most remote of the four beaches, Tung Wan requires the longest trek from Tai Wan. Its remoteness translates to the highest level of seclusion and tranquility among the beaches of Tai Long Wan. Like Tai Wan, Tung Wan does not have any man-made facilities, restaurants, or toilets, so visitors need to ensure they have stocked up on necessities at Ham Tin Wan before venturing here. As part of the bay, Tung Wan is also subject to potentially strong currents, and there are no lifeguards or shark nets present. Tung Wan represents the ultimate escape for those prioritizing solitude and a truly untouched natural environment. Its inaccessibility ensures that only the most dedicated visitors will reach its shores, guaranteeing a peaceful and secluded beach experience.  

Tai Long Wan Beaches at a Glance

Beach Name	Best For	Key Features	Facilities
Sai Wan	Beginner Surfing, Accessibility	Restaurants, Surf & Tent Rental, Stargazing Site, Sheung Luk Stream	Restaurants, Surf/Tent Rental
Ham Tin Wan	Camping, Facilities	Iconic Bridge, Panoramic Views of Sharp Peak	Restaurants, Toilets, Surf/Camp Gear Rental
Tai Wan	Swimming, Seclusion	Longest Beach, Arguably Best Views	None
Tung Wan	Ultimate Seclusion	Most Remote	None

Hike Your Way to Paradise: Exploring the Trails of Tai Long Wan

Tai Long Wan is a haven for hikers, offering trails that range from easy strolls to challenging climbs, all rewarded with breathtaking scenery.

The Classic Hike from Sai Wan Pavilion

The most common and accessible route begins at Sai Wan Pavilion, which can be reached by minibus 29R or taxi from Sai Kung Town. This relatively easy hike takes approximately 40 minutes to reach Sai Wan Beach. The path is mostly flat or downhill, with a single uphill section, making it suitable for most fitness levels. Along the way, hikers are treated to stunning vistas of the High Island Reservoir. The trail is well-paved and clearly signposted, ensuring a straightforward and enjoyable trek. This route provides a convenient and visually rewarding introduction to the beauty of Tai Long Wan. Its ease of access and well-maintained path make it a popular choice for day-trippers.  

Embark on the MacLehose Trail (Section 2)

Tai Long Wan lies within the renowned MacLehose Trail, specifically Section 2. Section 2 typically stretches from the High Island Reservoir East Dam to Pak Tam Au, encompassing Long Ke, Sai Wan, Ham Tin, and Chek Keng. The difficulty of this section can vary from moderate to difficult, depending on the chosen starting point and whether the challenging ascent of Sharp Peak is included. Hikers along this route are rewarded with incredibly scenic coastal views, including the pristine Long Ke Wan (if starting from the East Dam) and the iconic four bays of Tai Long Wan. The estimated duration for hiking Section 2 can range from 4 to 7 hours, depending on the pace and chosen route. The connection to the MacLehose Trail, a world-renowned hiking route, adds significant appeal for experienced hikers seeking a longer and more challenging adventure. The diverse landscapes encountered along this section, from reservoir views to stunning beaches, make it a truly memorable experience.  

Conquer Sharp Peak

For the truly adventurous, conquering Sharp Peak offers a challenging yet immensely rewarding hiking experience. This hike involves steep and rugged mountain paths, often requiring scrambling over rocks. A good level of fitness is essential, as it is considered a difficult hike. The reward for the effort is breathtaking panoramic views of Tai Long Wan and the vast expanse of the Sai Kung Peninsula. The final ascent to the summit involves a strenuous climb, often requiring the use of hands for support; gloves are recommended for added grip. The hike to Sharp Peak typically commences from Pak Tam Au. Including the Sharp Peak loop can add approximately 3 hours to the overall hiking time. Sharp Peak stands as a prominent landmark, attracting experienced hikers who seek the thrill of a challenging climb and the unparalleled views from its summit. The rugged terrain and demanding ascent make it a true test of fitness and determination.  

Other Hiking Options

Beyond the classic routes, other hiking possibilities exist around Tai Long Wan. For instance, a longer hike (around 9km) starts from Pui O on Lantau Island and leads to Tai Long Wan on Chi Ma Wan Peninsula. It is crucial to note that this is a different Tai Long Wan located on Lantau Island and should not be confused with the one in Sai Kung. Shorter options are also available, such as hiking directly to Ham Tin Wan from Sai Wan Pavilion and then taking a speedboat back to Sai Kung. For those seeking a more rugged landscape, the Luk Wu Hiking Trail passes through Sai Wan. These alternative routes provide options for varying preferences and fitness levels, allowing visitors to tailor their hiking experience to their specific needs.  

Popular Hiking Trails to Tai Long Wan

Trail Name	Starting Point	Difficulty	Estimated Time	Key Highlights
Sai Wan Pavilion to Sai Wan Beach	Sai Wan Pavilion	Easy	40 minutes	Views of High Island Reservoir, easy paved path
MacLehose Trail Section 2	High Island East Dam	Moderate	4-7 hours	Coastal views, passes through Long Ke, Sai Wan, Ham Tin, Chek Keng
Sharp Peak Hike	Pak Tam Au	Difficult	3 hours (add-on)	Panoramic views of Tai Long Wan and Sai Kung Peninsula, challenging ascent
Pui O to Tai Long Wan (Lantau)	Pui O (Lantau Island)	Moderate	3-4 hours	Coastal trail along Lantau Island

Adventure Awaits: Activities to Enjoy in Tai Long Wan

Tai Long Wan offers a diverse range of activities, ensuring there’s something for everyone to enjoy.

Ride the Waves: Surfing Opportunities

Tai Long Wan, particularly the beaches of Sai Wan and Ham Tin, is renowned as one of the premier surfing destinations in Hong Kong, thanks to its consistent swells from the South China Sea. Sai Wan generally experiences smaller waves, making it ideal for beginners, and surf schools along with board rentals are readily available. More experienced surfers often gravitate towards Ham Tin and Tai Wan, which can offer higher quality waves. Surfboards can be rented at Ham Tin. The best surfing conditions are typically found during the winter months with the influence of the Northeast monsoon and during the summer typhoon season. However, it is crucial to remember that none of the beaches have lifeguards on duty, and strong currents can be present. Therefore, caution is strongly advised, especially for those new to surfing or unfamiliar with the conditions. The consistent swell and variety of wave conditions cater to surfers of all skill levels, making Tai Long Wan a significant draw for the surfing community in Hong Kong.  

Paddle Through Paradise: Kayaking and Paddleboarding

The generally calm waters within the bays of Tai Long Wan provide excellent conditions for kayaking and paddleboarding. While specific rental locations within Tai Long Wan itself might vary, it’s worth checking with local operators in Sai Kung Town or the beachside establishments for availability. Exploring the coastline and the small offshore islets, such as Tai Chau and Tsim Chau, by kayak offers a unique and tranquil perspective of the area’s natural beauty. These activities provide a gentle and engaging way to enjoy the clear waters and scenic coastline of Tai Long Wan.  

Sleep Under the Stars: Camping Experiences

Camping is a popular activity at Tai Long Wan, and it is permitted on all four of its beaches. Ham Tin is often recommended as the preferred camping location due to its proximity to the limited facilities available. Conveniently, camping gear, including tents, sleeping bags, and mats, can be rented from On Kee at Ham Tin Wan. Firewood may also be available for purchase, allowing campers to enjoy a traditional beach bonfire (subject to local regulations). For those planning to camp, it is essential to be well-prepared with adequate supplies and to practice Leave No Trace principles to ensure the preservation of the environment. Camping offers a unique opportunity to fully immerse oneself in the natural beauty of Tai Long Wan, falling asleep to the sound of the waves and waking up to stunning sunrises.  

Discover Hidden Gems: Exploring Natural Landmarks

Tai Long Wan is not just about its beaches; it also harbors several natural landmarks worth exploring. Sheung Luk Stream, nestled in the hills between Sai Wan and Ham Tin, features a series of tiered waterfalls and natural rock pools, offering opportunities for swimming and even cliff-jumping (with extreme caution due to potential hazards). The coastline itself is characterized by fascinating columnar-jointed volcanic rocks, remnants of ancient volcanic activity. Explorers might also discover small caves and unique rock formations along the shore. For those interested in astronomy, the Sai Wan Stargazing Site provides a dark sky location to observe the wonders of the night sky, far from the city’s bright lights. These natural attractions offer diverse experiences beyond the beaches themselves, encouraging visitors to explore the inland areas and the unique geological features of the coastline.  

Getting There: Your Transportation Guide to Tai Long Wan

Reaching the secluded beauty of Tai Long Wan requires a bit of planning, but the journey is well worth the effort.

Reaching Sai Kung Town

The first step is to make your way to Sai Kung Town, the gateway to the Sai Kung Peninsula. Several public transport options are available:

• MTR and Minibus: Take the MTR to Choi Hung Station (Kwun Tong Line), Exit C1, followed by green minibus 1A to Sai Kung Town (approximately 40 minutes). Alternatively, take the MTR to Hang Hau Station (Tseung Kwan O Line), Exit B, and then green minibus 101M to Sai Kung Town.  
• Red Minibus: A direct red minibus service operates from Dundas Street in Mong Kok to Sai Kung Town (approximately 30 minutes).  
• Bus: Bus number 92 runs from Diamond Hill MTR station to Sai Kung Town (around 45 minutes). On Sundays and public holidays, bus 96R travels from Diamond Hill MTR station to Wong Shek Pier, passing through Sai Kung. Bus 94 offers a frequent daily service from Sai Kung to Wong Shek Pier.  

Providing multiple public transport options ensures that visitors can choose the most convenient route based on their starting location in Hong Kong.

From Sai Kung Town to Tai Long Wan

Once in Sai Kung Town, you have several options to reach Tai Long Wan:

• Minibus 29R to Sai Wan Pavilion: From Sai Kung Town, take the green minibus 29R (note that this service has limited frequency, so check the schedule in advance) to Sai Wan Pavilion in Sai Kung Country Park (approximately 20 minutes).  
• Taxi to Sai Wan Pavilion: A green taxi from Sai Kung Town to Sai Wan Pavilion will take around 20 minutes and cost approximately HKD 100. Green taxis are the standard for this area of the New Territories.  
• Speedboat to Sai Wan or Ham Tin Beach: From the public pier in Sai Kung, speedboats offer a direct route to either Sai Wan or Ham Tin Beach (approximately HKD 120-160 per person one way, with a journey time of 25-35 minutes). Tickets can be purchased at the pier, and pre-booking is often recommended, especially during peak seasons. Be aware that speedboat services may be suspended during periods of strong winds or significant swell.  
• Hiking from Sai Wan Pavilion: After arriving at Sai Wan Pavilion, a relatively easy 40-minute hike down a well-maintained path leads to Sai Wan Beach, which serves as the gateway to the other beaches of Tai Long Wan.  
• Taxi Directly to Sai Wan Pavilion: It is possible to take a taxi directly from Hong Kong Island or Kowloon to Sai Wan Pavilion, but this can be quite expensive (potentially over HKD 400 from Central). Taxis from Kowloon are generally more willing to undertake this longer journey.  

The variety of transport options from Sai Kung Town allows visitors to choose based on their budget, time constraints, and preference for activity levels.

Hiking In

As mentioned, hiking is a primary and rewarding way to experience Tai Long Wan. The main route often incorporates a section of the renowned MacLehose Trail. The effort of hiking is generously compensated by the stunning panoramic views of the bay, its pristine beaches, and the dramatic surrounding hills. For many, the hike itself is an integral part of the Tai Long Wan experience, offering a deeper connection with the natural landscape.  

Good to Know: Facilities and Amenities for Visitors

Facilities and amenities within Tai Long Wan are primarily concentrated around Sai Wan and Ham Tin beaches. Tai Wan and Tung Wan are more remote and lack significant man-made facilities.  

Dining Options

• Sai Wan: Offers a selection of restaurants including Hoi Shan Restaurant, Oriental Restaurant and Bar, and Waves Cafe. These establishments serve a variety of dishes to cater to different tastes.  
• Ham Tin Wan: Features Hoi Fung Store and On Kee Store. These offer basic local-style food (“cha chaa teng”), as well as cold beverages including beer and wine. Menus are often available in English for international visitors.  

It is important to note that none of the restaurants in Tai Long Wan typically accept credit cards, so visitors should ensure they carry an adequate amount of cash for their meals and drinks.  

Camping Essentials

For those planning to camp, Ham Tin Wan is home to a large campsite. Camping supplies such as tents, sleeping bags, and sleeping mats can be rented from On Kee at Ham Tin Wan, making it convenient for overnight stays. Firewood may also be available for purchase, allowing for campfires on the beach (subject to local regulations).  

Other Amenities

Basic toilet facilities are located behind Hoi Fung Store at Ham Tin Wan. Surfboard rentals are available at both Sai Wan and Ham Tin for those looking to catch some waves. Additionally, speedboat booking services for returning to Sai Kung Town are offered by the restaurants on both Sai Wan and Ham Tin beaches. It is crucial to remember that Tai Wan and Tung Wan do not have any facilities, so visitors heading to these more remote beaches should be entirely self-sufficient. The limited infrastructure within Tai Long Wan contributes to its unspoiled charm, but it also necessitates that visitors come prepared with their own essentials.  

The Perfect Time to Visit: When to Experience Tai Long Wan at Its Best

The ideal time to visit Tai Long Wan largely depends on your preferences regarding weather and crowd levels.

Weather Considerations

Generally, the most pleasant time to visit is during the months of September to November. During this period, the weather is typically mild and relatively dry, making it ideal for hiking and enjoying the beaches without excessive heat. The summer months, from June to August, can be hot and humid, with a higher likelihood of typhoons affecting the region. While summer can still be enjoyable for beach activities, it’s essential to stay informed about weather forecasts. The winter months can offer good surfing conditions due to consistent swells, but the water might be cooler for swimming. Surfers might consider bringing or renting a 3/2 wetsuit during the winter months for added warmth.  

Avoiding the Crowds

Tai Long Wan is a popular destination, particularly on weekends and public holidays, when both locals and tourists flock to its shores. To enjoy a more peaceful and less crowded experience, visiting on weekdays is highly recommended. For those seeking ultimate tranquility, venturing to the more remote beaches of Tai Wan and Tung Wan will generally lead to fewer encounters with other visitors. Planning your visit outside of peak times will enhance the sense of escape and allow for a more intimate connection with the natural surroundings.  

Essential Tips for Your Tai Long Wan Adventure

To ensure a safe and enjoyable trip to Tai Long Wan, consider the following essential tips:

What to Pack

Be sure to pack appropriately for a day at the beach and potential hiking:

• Swimwear, a towel, and a sarong or beach blanket.  
• Sunscreen with a high SPF and a hat for protection from the sun.  
• Mosquito repellent, especially if you plan to hike or stay until the evening.  
• An ample amount of cash, as the restaurants do not accept card payments.  
• Plenty of water, especially if you intend to hike, although you can purchase more at Sai Wan and Ham Tin.  
• A waterproof or sealable backpack to protect your valuables from sand and water damage.  
• Comfortable and sturdy hiking shoes if you plan to explore the trails.  
• A change of clothes for after swimming or hiking.  
• Optional items: Binoculars for enjoying the views, a camera to capture the stunning scenery.

Staying Safe

Safety should be a top priority during your visit:

• Swimming: Exercise extreme caution when swimming in Tai Long Wan due to the strong rip currents that are present throughout the year, particularly at Sai Wan and Ham Tin. Tragically, there have been numerous drowning fatalities in the area. Remember that these beaches are not gazetted and do not have lifeguards or shark nets. Stay within your comfort level and avoid swimming far out, especially if you are not an experienced swimmer or surfer.  
• Hiking: Wear appropriate footwear, especially for longer or more challenging hikes like the ascent of Sharp Peak. Carry sufficient water and be mindful of the weather conditions, particularly during hot or humid days. It’s always a good idea to inform someone of your hiking plans. Be cautious on slippery rocks, especially near waterfalls and streams. The trail to Sharp Peak is known to be dangerous, and warning signs are in place.  
• Speedboat: Be prepared for a potentially bumpy ride, especially if the sea conditions are choppy. If you are prone to seasickness, consider sitting in the middle of the boat. Always check with the speedboat operators to ensure that services are running, as they may be suspended during strong winds or swells.  

Respecting Nature

Tai Long Wan is a precious natural environment, and it’s crucial to be a responsible visitor:

• Do not litter under any circumstances. Take all your trash back with you for proper disposal.  
• Avoid damaging the local vegetation or disturbing any wildlife.  
• If you plan to swim or snorkel, consider using ocean-friendly sunscreen that is free from harmful chemicals to protect marine life.  
• Be mindful of fragile coral reefs if you are snorkeling in the area and avoid touching or damaging them.  
• Respect the privacy and customs of any local villagers you may encounter and be mindful of private property. Tai Long Wan’s designation as a Country Park and a Site of Special Scientific Interest underscores the importance of preserving its natural beauty for future generations.  

Tai Long Wan stands as a jewel in Hong Kong’s natural crown, offering an unparalleled escape into a world of stunning beaches, challenging hiking trails, and diverse outdoor activities. Its relative inaccessibility has helped to preserve its pristine beauty, making it a truly special place to visit. Whether you’re seeking thrilling surf, tranquil camping under the stars, or invigorating hikes with breathtaking views, Tai Long Wan promises an unforgettable experience. Plan your adventure today and discover the magic of this remarkable beach.

Hong Kong, a city renowned for its towering skyscrapers and bustling urban life, also harbors pockets of serene natural beauty waiting to be explored. Among these hidden gems is the Morning Trail, a popular route that offers a refreshing escape from the city’s energetic pace. Favored by both locals seeking a healthy start to their day and tourists eager to experience a different side of Hong Kong, this trail provides an accessible and rewarding outdoor experience. Its name itself hints at its appeal as a way to invigorate the senses and enjoy the cooler temperatures of the early hours, suggesting a level of exertion that fits well within a morning routine. Furthermore, its consistent mention in various sources alongside landmarks like the University of Hong Kong points to its convenient location within the city, making it an easily reachable natural haven for many.  

Getting There: Your Journey to the Trailhead

Embarking on the Morning Trail adventure begins with understanding its location and the best ways to reach its starting point. The trail is widely recognized as Hatton Road, a paved and pedestrian-friendly path situated on Lung Fu Shan in western Hong Kong Island. This route is primarily used for walking, running, and cycling, ensuring a safe and pleasant environment for hikers free from vehicular traffic.  

The northern entrance of the Morning Trail is located at the junction of Conduit Road and Kotewall Road in the western Mid-Levels area, a location that overlooks the prestigious University of Hong Kong (HKU). For those opting for public transportation, the Mass Transit Railway (MTR) offers a convenient way to arrive. Hikers can take the MTR to HKU Station and use Exit C1 as a primary access point. From Exit C1, the journey to the trailhead involves a series of escalators and walkways within the HKU campus. Upon exiting the station, an elevator ride to ground level at Pok Fu Lam Road is the first step, followed by walking towards the bus stop and flyover where an escalator leads up into the university grounds. Another escalator within the campus then brings you closer to the Lee Shau Kee Lecture Centre, after passing through which a long corridor opens to the outside. Continuing straight through a small opening in a brick wall will lead you to University Drive. A short, somewhat steep walk up University Drive culminates in a set of stairs that directly connect to Hatton Road, the official start of the Morning Trail where vehicles and bikes are no longer permitted.  

Alternatively, another starting point can be found via Pik Shan Path, which is near the public toilets on Kotewall Road. This access is reachable from either HKU MTR Station (Exit A1) or Central MTR Station (Exit D2), providing another option for those coming from different parts of the island. For those who prefer bus travel, New World First Bus (NWFB) route 13 terminates near the junction of Conduit and Kotewall Roads, offering a direct option to the northern trailhead. The availability of multiple access points, including the MTR and bus routes, makes the Morning Trail easily reachable for hikers coming from various locations across Hong Kong Island.  

Hikers approaching from the western side of Hong Kong Island can also access the trail from Kennedy Town. Taking the MTR to Kennedy Town Station (Exit B) is the first step. From the MTR exit, a right turn onto Rock Hill Road followed by a short walk to Sands Street will lead you to an elevator or stairs. Ascending these, followed by heading up the hill past an escalator to To Li Terrace, brings you to a long stairway of 140 steps that leads to Pok Fu Lam Road. To cross Pok Fu Lam Road safely, an underground walkway located to the left of a petrol station should be used. After descending into the subway, a left turn to walk under the road, followed by another left turn up a ramp, will bring you to the other side of Pok Fu Lam Road, near a couple of petrol stations and a bus stop. Crossing to the stairway on the left of the petrol stations marks the beginning of a long ascent of 215 steps, which eventually connects to Hatton Road. For those wishing to bypass this initial steep climb from Kennedy Town, several bus routes (4, 37A, 90B from Central) stop at the Pokfield Road/Pok Fu Lam Road bus stop, allowing for a more direct start to the hike. The detailed directions from Kennedy Town cater to residents and visitors in the western part of the island, demonstrating the accessibility of the trail from various neighborhoods.  

Finally, the Morning Trail can also be accessed from the top, near the Peak Tram terminus or the Peak Galleria. This option allows for a downhill hike or a more leisurely uphill stroll. To reach this starting point, one can take the iconic Peak Tram or opt for Bus 15 from Central, both of which provide a scenic journey to the summit area. Starting from The Peak offers a different perspective and caters to those who might prefer a less strenuous hike or wish to combine their trail experience with the attractions available at the Peak.  

To provide a quick reference for reaching the main starting point of the Morning Trail, the following table summarizes transportation options from key areas on Hong Kong Island:

Starting Location	Destination Trailhead	Transportation Method	Key Details
Central	Conduit/Kotewall Road (North)	MTR to HKU Station (Exit C1) + walk through HKU	Follow signs within HKU campus to University Drive, then stairs to Hatton Road.
Central	Conduit/Kotewall Road (North)	Bus NWFB Route 13	Terminus is near the junction of Conduit and Kotewall Roads.
Central	Pik Shan Path (Near Kotewall Rd)	MTR to Central Station (Exit D2) + walk	Walk up the escalator to Conduit Road, turn right, and walk to Kotewall Road. Trail entrance is near the public toilets.
Admiralty	Conduit/Kotewall Road (North)	MTR to HKU Station (Exit C1) + walk through HKU	Follow signs within HKU campus to University Drive, then stairs to Hatton Road.
Causeway Bay	Conduit/Kotewall Road (North)	MTR to HKU Station (Exit C1) + walk through HKU	Follow signs within HKU campus to University Drive, then stairs to Hatton Road.
Kennedy Town	Pok Fu Lam Road (Near Petrol Stn)	MTR to Kennedy Town Station (Exit B) + walk	Follow directions via Rock Hill Road, Sands Street, To Li Terrace, and Pok Fu Lam Road using the underground walkway.
Central	Pok Fu Lam Road (Near Petrol Stn)	Bus Routes 4, 37A, 90B to Pokfield Rd/Pok Fu Lam Rd	Alight at the bus stop and cross to the stairway to the left of the petrol stations. Skips the initial climb from Kennedy Town.
Central	The Peak (for downhill access)	Peak Tram	Operates from Garden Road, Central.
Central	The Peak (for downhill access)	Bus Route 15	Departs from Exchange Square bus terminus, Central.
Central	The Peak (for downhill access)	Minibus Route 1	Departs from MTR Hong Kong Station.

What to Expect on the Trail: Length, Elevation Gain, and Time

Understanding the physical aspects of the Morning Trail is crucial for planning a hike that aligns with your fitness level and available time. The core section of the Morning Trail, known as Hatton Road, stretches for approximately 1.8 kilometers (1.1 miles). However, the popular hiking route often extends beyond this, typically starting from Conduit Road and ascending to the Peak Circle Walk and the Peak Tram terminus, covering a distance of around 2.8 kilometers. For those seeking a more extensive trek, combining the Morning Trail with a climb to the summit of High West and a return journey to HKU can result in a total distance of up to 11 kilometers. Additionally, the Lung Fu Shan Morning Trail, which might represent a slightly different or shorter segment, is estimated to be about 2.3 kilometers long. The varying lengths reported highlight that the term “Morning Trail” can encompass different sections or combinations of paths, so it’s important to consider the specific route you intend to take.  

In terms of elevation gain, the section from Hatton Road (near the Kotewall Fire Station) to the Peak involves an ascent of approximately 360 meters. Some sources mention a lower elevation gain of around 130 meters, which could be attributed to a slightly different starting point or method of measurement. If the hike is extended to include High West, the highest point reached is 494 meters above sea level. These figures suggest a moderate uphill climb for the main trail, with a more significant physical challenge presented by the ascent to High West.  

The estimated time to complete the core Morning Trail (Hatton Road to the Peak) is generally around 1 to 1.5 hours, assuming a steady walking pace. The longer loop that includes High West and the return to HKU can take approximately 3.5 hours. The initial section from the bottom of the trail up to the pavilion, a common stopping point, typically takes about 30 minutes. The shorter Lung Fu Shan Morning Trail is estimated to take around 40 minutes to complete. The wide range in these estimations reflects the different possible routes and the varying fitness levels of individuals undertaking the hike. It is advisable to factor in rest stops and time to enjoy the scenery when planning your trek.  

To provide a clearer overview of the different hiking options associated with the Morning Trail, the following table summarizes their key statistics:

Route Option	Approximate Length	Total Elevation Gain	Estimated Completion Time (Average Fitness)
Hatton Road (Conduit Rd to Lugard/Harlech Rd)	1.8 km	Not explicitly stated	1 – 1.5 hours
Conduit Rd to Peak Tram Terminus	2.8 km	~360 meters	1 – 1.5 hours
HKU Station to High West to The Peak to HKU	11 km	~494 meters (highest)	~3.5 hours
Lung Fu Shan Morning Trail	2.3 km	Not explicitly stated	~40 minutes

Must-See Highlights: Landmarks, Scenic Viewpoints, and Natural Features

The Morning Trail is not just a physical endeavor; it’s also an opportunity to encounter historical landmarks, witness breathtaking vistas, and immerse oneself in Hong Kong’s natural environment. Along the way, hikers will discover several points of interest that enhance the overall experience.

One of the significant historical landmarks along the trail is the Pinewood Battery. This former coastal defense fort was constructed in 1903 and played a role in the city’s defenses. Remnants of its past, such as magazine buildings and concrete gun emplacements, can still be seen, offering a glimpse into Hong Kong’s military history. Further along Hatton Road, hikers can find a boundary stone marking the City of Victoria from 1903, a tangible artifact that speaks to the city’s colonial past. Near the beginning of the trail, the abandoned Ching Yuen Garden presents an intriguing, albeit mysterious, site with an unclear historical purpose, adding an element of curiosity to the hike. As the trail progresses, the pavilion located near the intersection of Hatton, Lugard, and Harlech Roads serves as a key landmark, offering a place to rest and decide on the next part of the journey. Additionally, near Lung Fu Shan, a “happy Buddha” relief carved into the slope, once part of a temple, greets hikers, adding a touch of local culture to the experience. These historical and cultural landmarks provide layers of interest beyond the natural beauty of the trail.  

The Morning Trail is particularly renowned for its stunning scenic viewpoints. As hikers ascend Hatton Road, they are treated to increasingly impressive views of Hong Kong’s iconic skyscrapers on both sides of the island. From Lugard Road and the Peak, panoramic vistas of the city and Victoria Harbour unfold, offering classic Hong Kong scenery. For a different perspective, the summit of High West rewards hikers with spectacular ocean views stretching out towards the South China Sea, a sight that is often less crowded than the main viewpoints at the Peak, especially around sunset. On the way up to High West, glimpses of Lamma Island can also be caught. Furthermore, the Lung Fu Pavilion, situated at the highest point of Lung Fu Shan, offers its own stunning views of Pok Fu Lam, the harbor, and Lantau Island. These diverse viewpoints provide a visual feast, showcasing both the urban and natural landscapes of Hong Kong.  

Beyond the man-made landmarks and panoramic views, the Morning Trail also boasts enchanting natural features. Much of the path is lined with lush greenery and vegetation, providing welcome shade and a sense of escape from the urban environment. Depending on the season, hikers might encounter small, seasonal waterfalls cascading along the route. The trail also winds through parts of Lung Fu Shan Country Park, a protected area known for its forested slopes, native trees like the Hong Kong Gordonia, and a variety of birdlife. The gentle sound of the Lung Fu Stream can also be heard in certain sections. Additionally, some parts of the trail are flanked by thin bamboo shoots, adding a unique natural element to the walk. The combination of these natural elements with the urban and historical features makes the Morning Trail a diverse and engaging hiking experience.  

Is the Morning Trail Right for You? Assessing the Difficulty Level

The Morning Trail is generally considered to be of easy to moderate difficulty, making it suitable for a wide range of hikers. The main path, Hatton Road, is paved throughout, providing a stable and well-maintained surface for walking. While the trail does involve an uphill gradient, it is mostly a gentle slope, making it manageable for individuals with varying fitness levels. However, it’s important to note that the climb to the summit of High West is significantly steeper and presents a more challenging ascent that requires a higher level of physical exertion. The varying difficulty levels across the different possible routes ensure that the Morning Trail has something to offer for almost everyone.  

The main paved sections of the Morning Trail are well-suited for families with children, and in many areas, the smooth surface can accommodate strollers, though the uphill gradient should be taken into consideration. The trail’s accessibility and moderate incline make it a popular choice for casual morning walks, jogging, and light exercise among locals. Beginners will likely find the main trail to be a pleasant and achievable introduction to hiking in Hong Kong. For more experienced hikers seeking a greater physical challenge, the option to include the steep climb to High West provides a rewarding workout with stunning panoramic views. It’s also worth noting that certain sections of the trail involve stairs, particularly when connecting from HKU or ascending towards High West, which might present a consideration for individuals with mobility concerns. The versatility of the Morning Trail allows it to cater to a broad spectrum of hikers, from those looking for a leisurely stroll to those wanting a more vigorous hike.  

When compared to other hiking trails in Hong Kong, the Morning Trail sits in a comfortable middle ground. More demanding options like the Wan Chai Green Trail, which is rated as intermediate with a significant total ascent, or Tai Mo Shan, considered difficult with a high elevation gain, offer a greater physical challenge. On the other hand, the Morning Trail is generally considered easier than the famous Dragon’s Back trail, which has a moderate difficulty rating, while still providing rewarding scenic views. For those seeking a very gentle outdoor experience, options like the Peak Circle Walk offer a leisurely, mostly flat, and paved path. Placing the Morning Trail within this context helps potential hikers understand its difficulty level relative to other popular options in Hong Kong.  

Your Hiking Checklist: Essential Items to Bring

Being well-prepared is key to enjoying a safe and comfortable hike on the Morning Trail. Here are some essential items to include in your backpack:

• Water: Staying hydrated is crucial, especially in Hong Kong’s humid climate. It is recommended to bring an adequate supply of water, particularly during warmer months, with at least 2 liters per person being a good guideline.  
• Snacks: To maintain energy levels throughout your hike, pack some energy-rich snacks such as fruits, nuts, granola bars, or energy gels.  
• Footwear: Even though the Morning Trail is mostly paved, wearing comfortable and supportive closed-toe shoes with good traction, such as sneakers or light hiking shoes, is advisable.  
• Sun Protection: Protect yourself from the sun by bringing sunscreen (even on cloudy days), a wide-brimmed hat, and sunglasses.  
• Navigation: While the trail is generally well-marked, it’s a good idea to bring a map (either physical or on a phone app) or use a reliable hiking app, especially if you plan to explore connecting trails or venture up to High West.
• First-Aid Kit: Carry a small first-aid kit for treating minor cuts, scrapes, or blisters.

Optional items that can enhance your hiking experience include:

• Insect Repellent: Especially useful during the more humid months when mosquitoes and other insects may be present.
• Rain Gear: A light rain jacket or umbrella is recommended as Hong Kong weather can be unpredictable.
• Camera: Don’t forget your camera or smartphone to capture the stunning scenic views along the trail.
• Reusable Bag: Bring a reusable bag to carry out any trash and help keep the trail clean.
• Light Jacket or Sweater: The temperature can drop slightly at higher elevations or in the evening, so a light jacket or sweater might be useful.  

By ensuring you have these essential items, you’ll be well-equipped to enjoy all that the Morning Trail has to offer.

The Best Time to Hike: Weather and Crowds

Choosing the right time to hike the Morning Trail can significantly impact your experience, particularly in terms of weather conditions and the number of people on the trail. The autumn months (October to November) and the winter months (December to February) are generally considered the best times to hike in Hong Kong due to the more pleasant, cooler temperatures and lower humidity. December and January are often the driest months, offering the highest likelihood of clear skies and comfortable hiking conditions. It’s advisable to exercise caution during the spring (March to May) as humidity levels start to increase, and there’s a greater chance of occasional rainfall. Hiking during the summer months (June to September) is generally not recommended due to the intense heat, high humidity, and the potential risk of typhoons. Understanding these seasonal weather patterns will help you plan a more enjoyable and safer hike.  

The time of day you choose to hike can also make a difference. Hiking in the early morning or late afternoon/early evening allows you to avoid the hottest parts of the day and potentially enjoy better light for photography. It’s worth noting that mornings can sometimes be foggy, especially around Victoria Peak, which might obscure the city views. Therefore, hiking in the afternoon might offer clearer vistas. Additionally, embarking on a hike in the late afternoon or early evening provides the opportunity to witness spectacular sunsets and the city lights gradually illuminating the skyline. Timing your hike appropriately can enhance both the visual and physical aspects of the experience.  

As a popular destination, the Peak area can become quite crowded, especially on weekends and public holidays. However, the Morning Trail itself tends to be less congested than the immediate vicinity of the Peak Tower. To avoid the largest crowds, it is recommended to visit the trail on weekdays or earlier in the morning. Planning your hike with consideration for peak times can contribute to a more peaceful and enjoyable experience.  

Explore the Surroundings: Nearby Attractions

The Morning Trail’s location offers convenient access to several other attractions, allowing hikers to extend their visit and explore more of the area. At the summit, the iconic Victoria Peak awaits with its various attractions, including the Peak Tower and Peak Galleria, offering shopping, dining, and further panoramic viewing platforms. For a more tranquil experience at the top, Victoria Peak Garden provides a less crowded green space with additional scenic views. Families with young children might appreciate a visit to Mount Austin Playground, located near the Peak.  

Exploring the relatively flat Lugard Road and Harlech Road, which branch out from the Peak area, offers further opportunities for scenic walks and stunning city and harbor views with potentially fewer crowds than the main Peak area. History enthusiasts can delve deeper into the past by exploring the Pinewood Battery Heritage Trail, which provides more information about the historical significance of the former fort. The broader Lung Fu Shan Country Park, through which parts of the Morning Trail pass, is also worth exploring, offering additional trails and natural beauty. If your hike begins or ends near the University of Hong Kong, taking some time to appreciate the architecture and atmosphere of this historic institution can be a worthwhile addition to your day. By considering these nearby attractions, you can easily turn your Morning Trail hike into a more comprehensive exploration of this scenic part of Hong Kong.  

Tips for a Fantastic Hike: Safety and Etiquette

To ensure a safe, enjoyable, and responsible hike on the Morning Trail, consider the following tips:

• Stay on Marked Trails: Stick to the designated paths to avoid getting lost and to help protect the natural environment.
• Check the Weather: Always check the weather forecast before heading out and avoid hiking during severe weather conditions such as heavy rain, thunderstorms, or typhoons.  
• Inform Someone: Let a friend or family member know your hiking plans and your estimated time of return.
• Hike with a Companion: If possible, especially for less experienced hikers or when exploring less-traveled sections, hike with a friend.
• Be Mindful of Terrain: Exercise caution on uphill gradients and stairs, particularly on the High West section, and take breaks as needed.  
• Carry a Phone: Ensure your mobile phone is fully charged in case of emergencies.
• Leave No Trace: Practice Leave No Trace principles by not littering and carrying out everything you bring with you.
• Be Considerate: Be respectful of other trail users by keeping noise levels down and allowing others to pass easily.
• Stay Hydrated: Be particularly aware of the high humidity, especially during warmer months, and drink plenty of water throughout your hike.  
• Wildlife Awareness: Observe local wildlife, such as squirrels and birds, from a distance and do not feed them.  
• Wear Appropriate Footwear: Even though the trail is paved, wear comfortable and supportive shoes with good traction.

By following these safety precautions and practicing good trail etiquette, you can contribute to a positive and sustainable hiking experience for yourself and others.

The Morning Trail in Hong Kong stands as a testament to the city’s ability to blend its urban landscape with pockets of natural tranquility. Offering accessible routes with varying levels of challenge, breathtaking views of the city and sea, and glimpses into Hong Kong’s history, this trail provides a rewarding experience for a wide range of individuals. Whether you are a fitness enthusiast looking for a morning workout, a family seeking an outdoor adventure, or a visitor wanting to explore a different facet of Hong Kong, the Morning Trail beckons with its promise of beauty and escape. So, lace up your shoes, pack your essentials, and discover the invigorating charm of the Morning Trail for yourself – a true gem within the vibrant heart of Hong Kong.

Discover West Dog’s Teeth: Hong Kong’s Jaw-Dropping Hike

Nestled on the rugged landscape of Lantau Island in Hong Kong lies a hiking destination that has earned a formidable reputation: West Dog’s Teeth, also known by its Cantonese name, Kau Nga Ling (西狗牙). This trail stands out as one of the most demanding yet incredibly rewarding adventures the region has to offer. The very moniker, “Dog Teeth Range,” hints at the nature of the terrain that awaits – a series of jagged peaks resembling the sharp teeth of a canine. This distinctive feature not only lends the area its unique name but also shapes the challenging and exhilarating experience for those who dare to traverse its ridges.  

Looming in the vicinity is Lantau Peak, the second-highest summit in Hong Kong, to which West Dog’s Teeth is intrinsically linked. Many hikers see the ascent of West Dog’s Teeth as an alternative, more adventurous route to conquering Lantau Peak itself, adding to the allure of this already prominent hiking area. The consistent recognition of this route as one of the toughest in Hong Kong suggests that it demands a high level of physical fitness and a spirit for tackling demanding terrain. The very description of the landscape evokes a sense of untamed beauty and a challenge that calls to experienced hikers seeking more than just a leisurely stroll.  

Navigating the Razor’s Edge: Exploring the Hiking Trails

The journey across West Dog’s Teeth typically commences near the tranquil waters of Shek Pik Reservoir, a starting point favored by many who aim to tackle this formidable ridge. From this initial location, the trail often culminates with either an ascent to the lofty summit of Lantau Peak, offering panoramic vistas of the surrounding landscapes, or a descent towards the culturally rich area of Ngong Ping, home to the iconic Big Buddha. This flexibility in the route’s endpoint allows hikers to tailor their experience based on their available time, energy levels, and desired final destination.  

While West Dog’s Teeth commands the spotlight for its difficulty, it is part of a larger network of challenging ridges collectively known as Kau Nga Ling. This broader range includes Middle Dog’s Teeth and East Dog’s Teeth, each presenting its own set of demanding characteristics. Among these, West Dog’s Teeth is widely acknowledged as the most arduous to climb. Notably, the “One Lifeline” or “Slim Chance of Survival” is a particularly narrow and exposed section that connects West Dog’s Teeth with Middle Dog’s Teeth, often regarded as a precarious point requiring careful navigation. Understanding this interconnectedness of the ridges provides a broader appreciation for the challenging nature of the entire Kau Nga Ling range.  

What to Expect on the Trail: A Step-by-Step Breakdown

Embarking on the West Dog’s Teeth hike is an experience marked by varied terrains and breathtaking views. The initial phase of the journey typically involves a walk from the Shek Pik Reservoir bus stop towards the entrance of the Shek Pik Country Trail. This path often includes crossing a catchwater bridge, a structure designed to manage the flow of water in the area. Hikers will then find themselves on a relatively flat section of the Shek Pik Country Trail, offering a brief respite before the main challenge begins. This initial ease allows for a gentle warm-up before the demanding ascent.  

The true test commences at the sight of a white spray-painted inscription in Chinese characters, 西狗牙 (West Dog’s Teeth), which clearly marks the beginning of the steep climb. From this point onwards, the trail transforms into a continuous, often relentless, uphill battle requiring scrambling over rocks. Many sections necessitate the use of hands for balance and propulsion, with some even requiring hikers to navigate on all fours. Given the rugged nature of the terrain and the need for handholds, bringing a pair of gloves is highly recommended to protect against scrapes and dirt. The repeated emphasis on scrambling highlights that this hike is significantly more technical than typical well-maintained trails.  

As hikers progress, they will encounter several notable landmarks. Hades Wall stands out as a particularly steep and physically taxing section, often testing one’s limits with its incline and exposure. This segment can also be quite slippery, adding to the challenge. Bird Rock is another distinctive rock formation along the route, often serving as a recognizable point of interest. Reaching the summit of West Dog’s Teeth offers a well-deserved reward: panoramic views that stretch across the surrounding landscapes. For those choosing to continue their journey towards Lantau Peak, the trail presents a final, often strenuous, ascent. Alternatively, hikers opting to descend towards Ngong Ping will encounter a yellow signpost indicating the route to the Big Buddha. The trail eventually connects with the Lantau Trail at Tsam Chai Au, a significant junction offering further options. These landmarks not only serve as navigational aids but also add to the sense of accomplishment as each is reached.  

Know Before You Go: Essential Hike Information

To help you prepare for this challenging adventure, here’s a summary of key information:

Feature	Details
Location	Lantau Island, Hong Kong
Difficulty	5/5 (Advanced)
Duration	4-6.5 hours (depending on pace and route)
Distance	3.6 – 11.5 km (depending on route)
Elevation Gain	850 – 980 meters (depending on route)
Highest Elevation	539 – 934 meters (depending on route, reaching Lantau Peak)
Facilities	None on the trail
Terrain	Steep inclines, rocky, requires scrambling and potential bouldering
Start Point	Shek Pik Reservoir (near bus stop)
End Point Options	Ngong Ping (Big Buddha), Lantau Peak, Wisdom Path
Exposure	Mostly exposed, very little shade

This table consolidates information from various sources to provide a general overview. It’s important to note that specific details like distance and elevation gain can vary depending on the exact route taken.

Best Time to Trek: Weather Considerations

The optimal period for hiking West Dog’s Teeth is during the cooler months, generally from late autumn to early spring, specifically between November and March. During this time, temperatures typically range from a comfortable 10°C to 20°C (50°F to 68°F), making the strenuous climb more manageable. Given that a significant portion of the trail is exposed with minimal shade, attempting this hike during the scorching summer months (June to August) is strongly discouraged due to high temperatures often exceeding 30°C (86°F) and oppressive humidity. Such conditions can significantly increase the risk of heatstroke and exhaustion.  

It’s also crucial to be aware that weather conditions on Lantau Island, particularly at higher elevations like Lantau Peak and the Kau Nga Ling range, can change rapidly. Fog and rain are not uncommon, especially during the winter months, which can impact visibility and make the already challenging terrain even more treacherous. Therefore, it is essential to check the weather forecast meticulously before embarking on your hike and to be prepared for potential shifts in conditions while on the trail. The higher peaks in the area tend to attract more intense precipitation and cloud cover, so visibility can sometimes be limited even if the forecast seems clear at lower altitudes.  

Safety First: Navigating Potential Hazards

West Dog’s Teeth is officially recognized as one of the “high-risk” hiking locations in Hong Kong, a testament to the inherent dangers associated with its rugged terrain. The trail’s reputation as potentially the hardest hike in Hong Kong is well-earned, primarily due to the extensive scrambling and steep, exposed sections. The “One Lifeline” section, connecting to Middle Dog’s Teeth, is particularly notorious for being narrow and precarious, with significant drops on either side. While the main route to Lantau Peak might bypass this specific point, the overall trail is characterized by narrow paths at height and considerable exposure.  

Tragically, there have been instances of hikers perishing or sustaining serious injuries on the Dog Teeth Range, underscoring the need for extreme caution and proper preparation . The hike is generally not recommended for inexperienced hikers or individuals with a fear of heights. Hades Wall, another demanding part of the ascent, is not only steep but can also be slippery, requiring careful footing. Given these factors, it is strongly advised to hike with experienced companions or even consider engaging a knowledgeable local guide, especially if you are unfamiliar with the area [. Hikers should also ensure they are in good physical condition before attempting this strenuous trail.  

Getting There: Accessing the Trailhead

Reaching the starting point of the West Dog’s Teeth hike at Shek Pik Reservoir is feasible via public transportation from various parts of Hong Kong Island [, S_S5, S_S6, S_S8, 0, . The most common approach involves taking the MTR to Tung Chung Station on Lantau Island. From Tung Chung MTR Station (Exit A), cross the street to the Fu Tung Plaza bus stop. Here, you can board either Lantau bus number 11 or 23, both of which will take you to the Shek Pik Reservoir stop [, S_S5, S_S6, S_S8, 0, . For bus number 11, showing the driver the Chinese characters 石壁水塘 can help ensure you alight at the correct location. Alternatively, you can also reach Shek Pik Reservoir by taking a ferry to Mui Wo from Central Pier on Hong Kong Island, followed by bus number 1 or 2.  

Once you arrive at the Shek Pik Reservoir bus stop, the trailhead is a short walk away [, S_S5, S_S6, S_S8, 0, . From the bus stop, walk back along the road in the direction the bus came from for approximately five minutes. You will soon encounter a car barrier and a brown trail sign. Pass through the barrier, cross the Tong Fuk Catchwater bridge located to your left, and follow the signs for the ‘Shek Pik Country Trail’. This initial walk will lead you to the beginning of the Shek Pik Country Trail, which eventually connects to the West Dog’s Teeth ascent [.  

Historical and Cultural Significance

The area encompassing Kau Nga Ling and Lantau Peak is steeped in natural history, with geological formations dating back to a significant volcanic episode in the late Jurassic period, approximately 146 to 148 million years ago. The rugged peaks, largely composed of volcanic rocks resistant to weathering, stand as silent witnesses to these ancient geological events. Lantau South Country Park, within which Kau Nga Ling resides, was established in 1978, recognizing the ecological and scenic importance of this region [. The name “Kau Nga Ling” itself, meaning “Dog Teeth Range,” reflects the visual resemblance of the sharp, jagged ridges to a row of canine teeth, a name rooted in the local observation of the land’s unique topography. While specific historical or cultural narratives directly tied to the West Dog’s Teeth trail itself are less prominent in the provided material, the broader Lantau Island holds significant cultural importance, particularly with the presence of the Po Lin Monastery and the Tian Tan Buddha in nearby Ngong Ping.  

Beyond the Summit: Nearby Attractions

After the challenging yet rewarding hike up West Dog’s Teeth, visitors might want to explore other attractions in the vicinity, particularly around the Ngong Ping area, which is often the endpoint of the trail [. A must-visit is the iconic Tian Tan Buddha, also known as the Big Buddha, a towering bronze statue symbolizing the harmonious relationship between man and nature. Adjacent to the Big Buddha is the Po Lin Monastery, a significant Buddhist temple renowned for its intricate architecture and serene atmosphere.  

Another popular attraction is the Ngong Ping 360 cable car, which offers a visually spectacular journey between Tung Chung and Ngong Ping, providing breathtaking panoramic views of the island, the sea, and the Big Buddha. The Ngong Ping Village itself is a themed cultural village offering various shops, restaurants, and attractions like the Wisdom Path, a series of large wooden columns inscribed with the Heart Sutra. These nearby points of interest provide ample opportunities for further exploration and relaxation after conquering the challenging slopes of West Dog’s Teeth.  

Hiking West Dog’s Teeth is an endeavor that demands respect, preparation, and a good level of fitness. Its rugged terrain and breathtaking vistas offer an unforgettable experience for seasoned hikers seeking a true challenge in Hong Kong. By understanding the trail’s characteristics, preparing adequately, and prioritizing safety, adventurers can conquer this “razor’s edge” and revel in the wild beauty of Kau Nga Ling.

Where Tranquility Meets the Sea

Nestled on the southeastern coast of Hong Kong Island lies Shek O, a peninsula whose name translates directly to “rocky bay”. This idyllic location, administratively part of the Southern District, offers a welcome contrast to the bustling urban center of Hong Kong. Surrounded by the natural embrace of Shek O Country Park, the inviting waves of Big Wave Bay, and the rugged beauty of Cape D’Aguilar, Shek O presents a unique blend of stunning coastal scenery and a refreshingly relaxed way of life. Often described as a hidden gem, it serves as a tranquil escape for those seeking respite from the city’s relentless pace. The consistent use of the term “rocky bay” across various descriptions, coupled with its geographical positioning amidst natural parks, underscores its fundamental identity as a coastal haven, distinct from Hong Kong’s more developed areas. This reinforces the idea of Shek O as a destination where visitors can find genuine peace and connection with nature.  

Beyond its picturesque setting, Shek O is renowned for its pristine beaches, verdant greenery, and a vibrant yet unhurried village atmosphere. As the most geographically isolated neighborhood on Hong Kong Island, it naturally fosters a quieter, more tranquil environment. This unique characteristic makes it particularly appealing to both expatriates and local residents who appreciate a slower pace of life and the allure of beachside living. The repeated emphasis on the “quieter,” “tranquil,” and “laid-back” ambiance across multiple sources firmly establishes Shek O’s reputation as a peaceful retreat. This consistent portrayal is a key element for anyone considering a visit, promising a genuine break from the intensity of urban life.  

A Village with History

The story of Shek O Village stretches back approximately 200 years. Its foundations were laid by fishermen belonging to the Chan, Yip, Li, and Lau clans, who established a community once particularly known for its abundant lobster. Interestingly, the original settlement was largely situated on the land now occupied by the Shek O Country Club, with the majority of residents having been relocated to make way for its development. This historical context of Shek O as a traditional fishing village adds a layer of depth and authenticity to the area’s character. Understanding its origins provides a richer appreciation for its present-day identity, including the enduring connection to the sea.  

Several landmarks within Shek O Village stand as silent witnesses to its past. The Tin Hau Temple, built in 1891, is a significant cultural site and a Grade III historic building. Managed by the Shek O Residents Association, this temple is dedicated to Tin Hau, the revered goddess of the sea, holding particular importance for fishermen and seafarers. The temple’s existence underscores the enduring historical and cultural ties of Shek O to the maritime world and its fishing heritage, offering a tangible link to the village’s foundational roots.  

Another notable landmark is the Shek O Country Club, whose history began in 1919, with its official establishment in 1921. The land for the club was originally leased from the government, and it was developed as an exclusive European residential resort, featuring a golf course and other recreational facilities. The clubhouse itself, completed in 1925 and designed by Lennox Godfrey Bird, showcases architectural influences from the Arts and Crafts movement as well as Neo-Classical styles. The club’s origins as a private establishment catering primarily to European residents during the colonial era reveals an interesting aspect of Shek O’s development and its connection to Hong Kong’s broader history.  

Adding to this architectural narrative is the bungalow located at No. 7 Shek O Road, constructed between 1928 and 1929 by the Shek O Development Company. This building was part of the initial phase of development aimed at creating a European residential resort, and its design reflects the Arts and Crafts style prevalent at the time. Similar to the Country Club, this bungalow serves as a reminder of the early 20th-century vision of Shek O as a desirable resort destination for Western residents, further illustrating the historical influences that have shaped its landscape.  

In contrast to these earlier structures, the Shek O Bus Terminus, built in 1955 and designed by Hsin Yieh Architects, presents a modernist architectural style. This later addition reflects the evolution of architectural tastes and the ongoing development of Shek O’s infrastructure to serve a growing community and increasing number of visitors. Finally, near the main entrance to Shek O Village stands a memorial archway, inscribed with the calligraphy of R.C. Lee (1905–1983). This serves as a subtle yet significant landmark, commemorating an individual who played a role in the area’s history.  

Bask on the Golden Sands of Shek O Beach

Shek O Beach is widely considered one of the finest beaches on Hong Kong Island. Its appeal lies in its clean, fine golden sands nestled in a picturesque setting, sheltered by a dramatic rocky headland. Facing the tranquil waters of Island Bay and the vast expanse of the South China Sea, the beach stretches for approximately 230 meters. Notably, it boasts a Grade 1 rating from the Environmental Protection Department for its excellent water quality. The gentle waves that lap its shore make it an ideal spot for swimming and paddling. From the beach, visitors can also enjoy pleasant views of Ng Fan Chau, a small island situated in Island Bay. The consistently high water quality rating and the calm waters make Shek O Beach particularly attractive to families and individuals seeking a safe and enjoyable swimming experience.  

To ensure a comfortable and convenient visit, Shek O Beach offers a comprehensive range of facilities and amenities. These include numerous BBQ pits (39 in total), making it one of the largest public barbecue sites in Hong Kong. Essential facilities such as changing rooms, showers, and toilets are readily available. While a car park is provided, parking spaces are limited. For refreshments, visitors can find a light refreshment restaurant and several beachside cafes. The presence of a water sports center caters to those seeking more active pursuits. Families with children will appreciate the playground and the unique obstacle golf course (also known as crazy golf). Safety is also a priority, with a lifeguard service operating between April and October, and shark prevention nets in place. For added convenience, umbrellas and sun loungers are available for rent. The sheer number of amenities available ensures that visitors have everything they need for a relaxing and fun-filled day at the beach.  

Beyond swimming, sunbathing on the soft golden sand is a popular pastime. For those seeking a bit more adventure, the rocky cliffs that flank the beach offer excellent opportunities for sports climbing. Nearby Rocky Bay is also renowned for its sports climbing routes. Additionally, visitors can rent rafts for a leisurely paddle out to sea. These diverse activities ensure that Shek O caters to a wide spectrum of interests, from those seeking tranquil relaxation to those craving more active engagement with the coastal environment.  

Conquer the Dragon’s Back: A Hiker’s Dream

The Dragon’s Back trail, a prominent mountain ridge situated in the southeastern part of Hong Kong Island within Shek O Country Park, is a must-experience for outdoor enthusiasts. Its reputation is well-deserved, having been recognized by CNN in 2019 as one of the world’s 23 best trails. Often hailed as one of the best urban hikes on Hong Kong Island, it rewards hikers with breathtaking panoramic views encompassing the city skyline and the vast South China Sea. This iconic trail also forms the scenic eighth and final stage of the extensive 50 km Hong Kong Trail. The international acclaim and its integral part in the Hong Kong Trail system highlight the Dragon’s Back’s significance as a top-tier hiking destination, attracting both local and international hikers.  

The Dragon’s Back trail typically begins on Shek O Road near To Tei Wan Village, easily accessible by taking Bus 9 from Shau Kei Wan. The hike generally concludes at Big Wave Bay, although some may choose to return to the starting point. The average hiking time for the full trail ranges from 2 to 4 hours, covering a distance of approximately 8.5 km. For those seeking a shorter trek, options exist, such as a route leading to Shek O Peak, which is around 3.2 km. The trail is generally considered to be of moderate difficulty, with most of the path consisting of dirt tracks. However, hikers should be prepared for some rocky sections, making proper footwear essential. The initial ascent can be quite challenging, particularly in hot and humid weather, and the trail includes a steep 200-meter uphill section as well as steep descending stone steps towards the end. While manageable for those with a reasonable level of fitness, hikers should be aware of these varying terrains and inclines.  

The true reward of the Dragon’s Back lies in its spectacular scenic highlights. The trail offers dramatic panoramas of the lush countryside and the rugged coastline. Hikers are treated to breathtaking vistas of the Shek O Peninsula, Shek O Wan, Big Wave Bay, and even Tung Lung Chau in the distance. Reaching Shek O Peak, which stands at 284 meters high, provides even more impressive views of the surrounding landscape. The Dragon’s Back Viewing Point is another key location offering stunning panoramas. Adding to the visual spectacle is the frequent sight of paragliders launching themselves from the Dragon’s Back, as this area is home to Hong Kong Island’s only paragliding site, with landings often occurring at nearby Rocky Bay. The promise of these remarkable views serves as a significant incentive for hikers, offering a truly memorable outdoor experience.  

Savor the Flavors of Shek O

Shek O Village presents a delightful culinary escape, offering a diverse range of dining options that perfectly complement its relaxed coastal ambiance. Visitors will find a variety of restaurants conveniently located both along the beachfront and just a short stroll away within the village. Many of these establishments offer the charming experience of al fresco dining, allowing guests to savor their meals while enjoying the fresh sea air. The abundance of dining choices ensures that every visitor can find something to satisfy their palate.  

Fresh local seafood is a prominent feature of Shek O’s culinary scene, with several restaurants boasting stunning ocean views. Cococabana, a popular beachfront eatery, is particularly well-regarded for its delectable seafood dishes and Mediterranean-inspired cuisine, offering a relaxed atmosphere and an expansive terrace overlooking the beach. Shining Stone is another notable establishment, specializing in both fresh seafood and authentic Chinese cuisine. For those seeking traditional Cantonese flavors, Cheong Sing Restaurant offers a variety of seafood preparations. The strong presence of seafood restaurants reflects Shek O’s coastal heritage and its continued connection to the sea.  

Beyond seafood, Thai cuisine enjoys significant popularity in Shek O. Shek O Thai Restaurant is a long-standing favorite, known for its extensive menu of authentic and flavorful Thai dishes. For a more casual experience, Sai Jai Thai Store offers delicious Thai BBQ skewers and other street food options. Happy Garden is another option for those craving the vibrant flavors of Thailand. The prevalence of Thai restaurants suggests a strong local appreciation for this cuisine, providing visitors with another enticing culinary choice.  

For those who prefer Western fare, Ming’s Cafe is a popular spot, serving western-style breakfast items, excellent coffee, and refreshing smoothies. Cococabana also caters to Western tastes with beach-friendly snacks like burgers and hotdogs. Eric’s Kitchen offers a selection of pizzas , and Lu Lu Shop provides all-day breakfast options. The availability of these Western-style options ensures that a wide range of culinary preferences are catered to.  

In addition to these sit-down restaurants, visitors can find local snack shops like Tong Kee Store offering quick bites. For those who enjoy cooking outdoors, Lam Au BBQ Store and 石澳林明園燒烤場BBQ士多 provide supplies for a classic beachside barbecue. Speaking of which, Shek O Beach boasts a well-equipped public barbecue area with numerous pits. This makes it a perfect spot for enjoying grilled food with family and friends, and the area adjacent to Liu’s BBQ even welcomes dogs. The significant number of BBQ facilities highlights the beach’s popularity as a gathering place for outdoor dining and socializing.  

Explore the Charm of Shek O Village

Wandering through Shek O Village offers a delightful glimpse into local life. The neighborhood is characterized by its quaint and colourful aesthetic, featuring narrow alleyways and charming traditional houses. The atmosphere is distinctly laid-back, with a strong sense of traditional Chinese community. Adding to the visual appeal are vibrant displays of street art that can be found throughout the village. Quaint local shops line the streets, selling everything from inflatable toys to essential beach gear. The overall impression is of a charming and inviting place to explore, offering a refreshing contrast to the more modern and commercial areas of Hong Kong.  

The architecture within Shek O Village is a fascinating blend of styles, reflecting its history and evolution. Visitors will see a mix of smaller detached houses and townhouses, alongside some well-renovated apartments and houses of varying ages. Traditional village houses stand alongside villas that began to appear in the 1920s, marking a shift towards a more resort-oriented character. Notably, the house at Nos. 405 and 407 Shek O Village, built in 1948, showcases a unique architectural style that combines both Chinese and Western elements. In contrast, the Shek O Bus Terminus stands out with its modernist design. Many properties, particularly those situated on the headland, offer breathtaking views overlooking the South China Sea. This diverse architectural landscape provides a visual representation of Shek O’s journey from a traditional fishing village to its current status as a residential and leisure destination.  

Beyond its general charm, Shek O Village boasts several specific points of interest. The Tin Hau Temple, already mentioned for its historical significance, also serves as a vital cultural landmark within the village. Shek O Headland offers visitors panoramic views of the surrounding sea and rugged coastal landscapes. The iconic Lover’s Bridge, also known as the Blue Bridge, is a classic blue walkway located at the end of Headland Road, making it a popular spot for couples and families seeking romantic strolls and scenic coastal vistas. The Shek O Village Community Center provides valuable insights into the village’s rich history and traditions. Just across a footbridge from the town square lies Tai Tau Chau, often referred to as Lovers’ Island, a small island renowned for its natural beauty and tranquil atmosphere, offering stunning views of the coastline. For a quieter moment, visitors can discover Shek O Garden, a charming little area with a beautiful clearing and a majestic old tree. Finally, near the southern end of Shek O Beach sits the Sea God Shrine, a testament to the local culture and maritime worship. These various attractions ensure that a visit to Shek O Village offers a well-rounded experience, catering to diverse interests beyond just the beach and hiking trails.  

Ride the Waves: Water Sports in Shek O

Shek O is a true haven for those who love the beach and engaging in water-based activities. Shek O Beach itself is home to a dedicated water sports center. The summer months, with their warm weather and clear skies, are particularly ideal for enjoying the various water sports on offer. The presence of the water sports center and the favorable summer climate clearly establish Shek O as a prime location for aquatic adventures.  

Surfing enthusiasts will find excellent opportunities at both Big Wave Bay and Shek O Beach. Big Wave Bay, situated approximately one mile north of Shek O Beach, is a renowned surfing destination, famous for its larger waves generated by the wind. Interestingly, Shek O Beach also offers surfing, featuring multiple peaks that produce both left and right waves. Many surfers find that Shek O Beach provides better potential for good quality waves compared to the often closeout conditions at Big Wave Bay. On days with good surf, Shek O Beach tends to be less crowded than its more famous neighbor. The best surfing conditions at Shek O typically occur when a Northeast swell coincides with a West-northwest wind. For the most consistent clean waves, the winter season, particularly January, is considered the prime time to surf at Shek O. The availability of surfing at both beaches caters to a range of skill levels and preferences.  

Beyond surfing, windsurfing is a popular activity enjoyed off the shores of both Big Wave Bay and Shek O beaches. For more leisurely fun in the water, body boards and lilos are readily available for hire at both locations. At Shek O Beach, visitors can also rent rafts for a relaxing time on the water. These additional options ensure that there are plenty of ways for visitors to enjoy the sea, regardless of their preferred level of activity or skill.  

While not a water sport in the traditional sense, the Dragon’s Back trail above Shek O is home to Hong Kong Island’s only paragliding site. Spectators on the beach and along the hiking trails can often witness paragliders taking flight and gracefully landing at nearby Rocky Bay. This unique activity adds an exciting and visually captivating element to the Shek O experience.  

Your Journey to Shek O: Transportation Made Easy

Reaching Shek O from various parts of Hong Kong is quite straightforward, thanks to a range of convenient transportation options.

From Hong Kong Island, visitors have several choices. The most popular public transport route involves taking the MTR Island Line to Shau Kei Wan Station (Exit A3). From the Shau Kei Wan Bus Terminus, located nearby, bus number 9 runs frequently (approximately every 15-20 minutes) to Shek O, with a journey time of around 30 minutes. Alternatively, red minibuses also operate between Shau Kei Wan (near MTR exit A2) and Shek O, often providing a slightly faster journey for a few extra dollars. On weekends and public holidays, Citybus runs an express bus, number X9, from Central (near the Star Ferry or Central Exchange Square) directly to Shek O in the afternoon. This service has limited stops in Causeway Bay and North Point and takes approximately 40-50 minutes. For a more direct and private option, a taxi from Central to Shek O takes around 30 minutes and costs approximately HK$200-250. Taking a taxi from Shau Kei Wan MTR station is also a convenient choice. The variety of these options ensures that reaching Shek O from different points on Hong Kong Island is relatively easy and caters to different preferences and budgets.  

Traveling to Shek O from Kowloon also offers several possibilities. One common method involves taking the MTR to Hong Kong Island (for example, to Admiralty Station and then transferring to the Island Line towards Shau Kei Wan), followed by the bus or minibus options detailed above. Another approach using public transport involves taking cross-harbour bus routes such as the 118 or 102 to a stop where a transfer to bus number 9 towards Shek O is possible (for instance, from the Cross Harbour Tunnel Bus Interchange to Tai Tam Road, and then taking bus 9). Bus number 973, which departs from the Tsim Sha Tsui East Bus Station, also travels towards Stanley, from where a connection to Shek O might be possible, although this route may be longer. For a quicker but potentially more expensive journey, a taxi from Kowloon to Shek O takes approximately 20-25 minutes and costs around HK$190-240. While reaching Shek O from Kowloon may involve an interchange when using public transport, there are still several viable options available.  

For those considering driving, Shek O Road provides the main connection, linking to Tai Tam Road, Stanley, and Chai Wan. However, it’s important to note that parking near Shek O Beach is limited. This suggests that relying on public transport is generally recommended, especially during peak seasons and weekends when parking spaces can be particularly scarce.  

Facility	Details
BBQ Pits	39 available
Changing Rooms	Yes
Showers	Yes
Toilets	Yes
Car Park	Yes (limited)
Restaurant	Light refreshment restaurant and beachside cafes
Water Sports Centre	Yes
Playground	Yes
Obstacle Golf Course	Yes (Crazy Golf)
Lifeguard Service	April to October
Shark Nets	Yes
Rentals	Umbrellas, sun loungers, body boards, lilos, rafts

From	Mode of Transport	Route Details	Estimated Travel Time	Notes
Hong Kong Island	MTR & Bus	Island Line to Shau Kei Wan (Exit A3), then Bus 9	~30 minutes	Frequent service
Hong Kong Island	Minibus	Red minibus from Shau Kei Wan (near Exit A2)	Faster than bus
Hong Kong Island	Express Bus (Weekends & Holidays)	Bus X9 from Central (limited stops)	40-50 minutes	Afternoon service only
Hong Kong Island	Taxi	Direct from various locations	~30 minutes from Central	More expensive
Kowloon	MTR & Bus	MTR to Hong Kong Island, then Bus 9	Varies	Requires interchange
Kowloon	Cross-Harbour Bus & Transfer	E.g., Bus 118 or 102 to transfer to Bus 9	Varies	Requires interchange
Kowloon	Taxi	Direct from various locations	~20-25 minutes	More expensive

The Perfect Time to Visit

The ideal time to visit Shek O largely depends on individual preferences and the activities planned.

Spring, from March to May, offers comfortable temperatures ranging from 20°C to 28°C, with pleasant weather that is well-suited for a variety of outdoor pursuits, including hiking and relaxing on the beach. However, it’s worth noting that the rainy season typically begins in March, so occasional downpours are possible.  

Summer, spanning June to August, brings hot and humid conditions, with temperatures potentially reaching up to 33°C. This is the prime season for beach activities, swimming, and water sports. However, visitors should be prepared for larger crowds during this period, and it’s also the typhoon season, which could bring adverse weather.  

Autumn, from September to November, is often considered an excellent time to visit, with comfortable temperatures similar to spring and lower humidity levels, making it ideal for hiking and exploring the area.  

Winter, lasting from December to February or March, brings cooler temperatures, with averages around 22°C in November. This season is pleasant for hiking and is also considered the best time for surfing at Shek O, particularly in January, when consistent clean waves are more likely. However, the water may be too cool for comfortable swimming for some visitors.  

For those hoping to avoid the largest crowds, it’s generally advisable to plan a visit on a weekday, as Shek O can become quite busy on weekends and public holidays.  

Season	Weather Summary	Best For	Potential Drawbacks
Spring	Mild, comfortable, pleasant	Outdoor activities, hiking, beach visits	Occasional rain
Summer	Hot and humid	Beach activities, swimming, water sports	Crowds, typhoon season
Autumn	Mild, comfortable, lower humidity	Hiking, exploring
Winter	Cooler temperatures	Surfing, hiking	May be too cool for swimming for some

Embrace the Shek O Experience

Shek O stands as a captivating coastal paradise within Hong Kong, offering a harmonious blend of tranquil relaxation, invigorating outdoor activities, and the unique charm of a local village. Whether it’s basking on the golden sands of its pristine beach, conquering the scenic heights of the Dragon’s Back, savoring the diverse culinary delights, or simply soaking in the laid-back atmosphere of the village, Shek O provides a refreshing and memorable escape for all who visit. Its accessibility, coupled with its natural beauty and rich history, makes it a truly special corner of Hong Kong waiting to be discovered.